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The primary function of a Residual Current Device (RCD) is to detect and prevent electric shock. An RCD works by monitoring the electrical current flowing through live and neutral wires. If it detects an imbalance, such as when current is leaking to ground (which happens during a fault or when a person comes into contact with an energized conductor), it quickly disconnects the circuit. This rapid response significantly reduces the risk of serious injury or fatality due to electric shock.

Other options provided do not align with the fundamental role of an RCD. Increasing current in a circuit is not a characteristic function of an RCD; instead, its purpose is safety-oriented. Measuring total energy consumption relates to energy meters and not the protective mechanism of an RCD. Finally, while regulating voltage could pertain to devices like voltage regulators or transformers, it is not something that an RCD does, as its design is specifically focused on detecting current leakage for safety.